Digestive system // how to human digesive system

 

Human digestive system

It basically contains the rectum, large intestine, small intestine, pancreas, stomach, also called g aster and ventricular, and gallbladder. The throat is also a part of the system, as well as various salivary glands near the mouth

First, food is separated from the teeth by the mouth and then mixed with saliva with the help of salivary glands.

Saliva contains a digestive enzyme, called amylase, which begins to digest carbohydrates in the mouth. It breaks down carbohydrates into smaller units.

A ball, such as a food and saliva mixture, also known as a bolus, is pushed into the throat by the tongue and eventually enters the esophagus, which furthers the bolus in the abdomen.

The lumen of the esophagus, which is the opening, inside the esophagus, is highly flexible allowing boluses of various sizes to be transported.

The throat consists of several layers, these layers occur throughout the digestive tract, the two outer muscle layers are responsible for peristalsis.

With these two muscles, the bolus can be transported from the mouth to the abdomen even when a person is standing on his head

It has a longitudinal muscle layer on the outside, at the bottom we can find circular muscle . In addition to this, there is an oblique muscle layer, covering the mucosal, inside there is reggae that allows the stomach to grow when food is eaten.

 

The abdominal wall contains stomach glands, producing mucus, which is able to protect the abdominal wall from secreted gastric acid. Gastric acid is produced not only by smell or taste of food, but also by spices, and stretching the stomach causes irritation, that is, the release of stomach acid.

About one to two liters of gastric juice is produced per day, as the throat does not have a protective mucous membrane such as the abdomen, stomach and esophagus separated by the sphincter. It relaxes when the bolus is pushed from the esophagus into the stomach, then shortens to prevent acid and food from returning to the surface. Stomach juice contains, among other things, hydrochloric acid, the enzyme pepsin, intrinsic factor and lipase for digestion.

Apart from nutrients, food contains bacteria that can harm the body. Hydrochloric acid components are able to destroy harmful bacteria

In addition, hydrochloric acid converts pepsinogen also released by the gastrointestinal tract into.

In addition, pancreatic lipase is able to break down triglyceride into two free acids, gastric lipase, as we have seen earlier can produce one free fatty acid. Pancreatic lipase can break down triglycerides very well, as bile breaks down fats into smaller droplets.

Many other enzymes are part of pancreatic juice.

Bile is produced by the liver cell, and is transported to the gallbladder. Bile is stored in the gallbladder and eventually added to food in the duodenum with a water ampulla, the pancreas also releasing juice through a water ampulla.

The ileum extends into the large intestine in the lower right abdomen.

The duodenum and jejunum have circular folds to expand the food contact area, these circular folds stretch about an inch from the lumen of the small intestine.

These bars are covered with a small finger like a guess called villi, the villi extend much higher. 

Nutrients are absorbed by the villus and transferred to blood capillaries. Some nutrients, such as glucose, do not need a carrier. They are transported freely through the bloodstream.

Some nutrients, such as iron, require transport proteins. Fats are transported by lipoprotein enzymes.

Triglycerides will be transported almost exclusively to lipoprotein. Triglycerides are transported with lacteal villus.

Each villus is covered with tiny microvilli, which replicate the intestinal tract very well.

 The last part of the small intestine is the ileum, which has, unlike the duodenum and jejunum, round bars.

The ileum absorbs electrolytes, such as calcium for bone formation, hair and teeth, trace elements, such as zinc in the production of sperm and the immune system, vitamins such as B12 to form and mature red blood cells, and the remaining bile acids. it is returned to the liver by blood pressure.

Like the esophagus, food is delivered through peristalsis. In contrast, shortening of segmentation worked to mix chyme.

 It is about a meter long and surrounds the small intestine. The small intestine is attached to the large intestine by a Bain valve.

It opens when the chyme will pass from the small intestine to the large intestine.

The large intestine does not have villi like the small intestine because most digestible substances are already absorbed in the small intestine.

However, the large intestine contains about 100 million viruses inside.

They are essential for many other functions, such as the production of vitamins and the decomposition of fiber for the body to produce energy.

Many of these germs are an important part of the immune system by killing harmful bacteria.

With peristalsis, the chyme is transported from the ascending colon to the opposite colon to the descending colon.

On its way through the large intestine, water is extracted from the chyme.

In addition, mucus is added to remove impurities properly. Substances that can be absorbed through the small intestine or large intestine